Pancake dome

A pancake dome is a strange type of volcano found on the planet Venus. They are extensively scattered on that planet and frequently form groups or clusters, though with smaller numbers of pancake domes in every group than is typical for the more ordinary shield volcanos. They are commonly found close to coronae and tesserae (large regions of highly distorted terrain, folded and fractured in two or three dimensions, supposed to be unique to Venus) in the lowland plains. Pancake domes are between 10 and 100 times superior than volcanic domes formed on Earth.

Pancake domes have a wide, flat profile alike to shield volcanos and are consideration to form from one large, slow eruption of thick silica-rich lava. They typically have a central pit- or bowl-like feature alike to a volcanic crater, but it is consideration that these pits form following the eruption as the lava cools and emits gas quite than being a vent from which the lava originated. The surface of pancake domes is covered with patterns of little cracks and faults.

Mud Volcano

The word mud volcano or mud dome is used to refer to formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases, though there are more than a few different processes which may cause such action. Temperatures are a great deal cooler than igneous processes. The main structures are 10 km in diameter and get to 700 metres in height.

About 86% of free gases are methane, with a great deal less carbon dioxide and nitrogen emitted. Evicted materials often are slurry of fine solids balanced in liquids which may include water (frequently acidic or salty) and hydrocarbon fluids.

Monogenetic volcanic field

A monogenetic volcanic field is a volcanic field of little, dotted volcanic vents. are noted for having only one small eruptive event at each volcano, as opposite to regular volcanoes that have more than a small number of eruptions from the same vent in excess of a long period in their history, Mount Vesuvius being an example. Monogenetic fields happen only where the magma provides to the volcano is low or where vents are not close sufficient or large sufficient to expand plumbing systems for incessant feeding of magma. Monogenetic volcanic fields can give snapshots of the fundamental region beneath the surface, and may be helpful in studying the generation of magma and the work of art of the layer since the single eruption produced would competition that of the chamber it erupted from.

Some types of volcanoes include cinder cones, shield volcanoes, tuff cones and maars.

Examples of monogenetic volcanic fields:

* Auckland volcanic field, fundamental much of the city of Auckland, New Zealand and its suburbs
* Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, east-central British Columbia, Canada.
* Parícutin, Michoacán, Mexico

Lava dome

In volcanology, a lava dome or plug dome is an approximately circular mound-shaped projection resulting from the sluggish eruption of felsic lava from a volcano, or from multiple lava episodes of dissimilar magma types. The characteristic dome shape is credited to high levels of silica in the magma, causing the magma to be fairly viscous and thick. The viscosity of the lava prevents it from graceful distant from the vent that it extrudes from, causing it to solidify rapidly and build on preceding volcanic extrusions, creating a dome-like shape.

Domes may arrive at heights of several hundred meters, and can grow gradually and steadily for months or years. The sides of these structures are calm of unstable rock debris. Due to the option of the building up of gas pressure, the dome can experience additional explosive eruptions over time. When part of a lava dome collapses while it still contains molten rock and gases, it can create a pyroclastic flow, one of the most lethal forms of a volcanic event. Other hazards linked with lava domes are the obliteration of property, forest fires, and lahars triggered by pyroclastic flows close to snow and ice. Lava domes are one of the main structural features of many stratovolcanoes universal.

Fissure vent

A fissure vent, also identified as a volcanic fissure or simply fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, typically without any explosive activity. The vent is frequently a few meters broad and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause big flood basalts and lava channels. This type of volcano is more often than not hard to recognize from the ground and from external space because it has no central caldera and the surface is mostly flat. The volcano can usually be seen as a break in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens. As erosion removes its surroundings, the lava mass could stand on top of the surface as a dyke. The dykes that feed fissures arrive at the surface from depths of a small number of kilometers. Fissures are usually found in or the length of rifts and rift zones, such as Iceland and the Great Rift Valley in Africa.

Cryovolcano

A cryovolcano is, factually, an icy volcano. Cryovolcanoes form on icy moons, and possibly on other coldness astronomical objects. Rather than molten rock, these volcanoes explode volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane. Collectively referred to as cryomagma or ice-volcanic melt, these substances are typically liquids and form plumes, but can also be in vapour appearance. After eruption, cryomagma condenses to a solid form when uncovered to the very low surrounding temperature. Some scientists wonder that the cryovolcanoes on Titan, Saturn's main natural satellite and the second-largest in the solar system, may harbor space life.

The energy necessary to melt ices and produce cryovolcanoes typically comes from tidal friction. It has also been optional that translucent deposits of frozen materials could make a sub-surface greenhouse result that would accumulate the requisite heat.

It is hypothesized that the Kuiper belt object Quaoar has exhibited cryovolcanism in the past. In this case, the source of energy would be radioactive decay.